Bug\u00fcn art\u0131k rekabet otoritelerinin g\u00fcndeminde sadece karteller, teknoloji devleri ya da birle\u015fme devralmalar yok; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00fccretleri, haklar\u0131 ve hareketlili\u011fi var. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir cephesi olan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda neler oldu\u011funa yak\u0131ndan bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uzun y\u0131llar boyunca i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131, rekabet hukukunun \u201ck\u00f6r noktas\u0131\u201d olarak kald\u0131; bu alan i\u015f kanunlar\u0131 ve vergi politikalar\u0131 gibi ba\u015fka kamu ara\u00e7lar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak zamanla g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc ki, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131n\u0131n \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan birlikte belirlenmesi ya da firmalar aras\u0131 “\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama” anla\u015fmalar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca sosyal adaleti de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda piyasa verimlili\u011fini de tehdit ediyor. Rekabet otoriteleri art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca mal veya hizmet satanlara de\u011fil; i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc talep eden firmalara da odaklan\u0131yor. \u00dccretlerin koordineli \u015fekilde belirlenmesi ya da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan transferlerinin engellenmesi art\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kartel olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00dcstelik bu meseleye yaln\u0131zca ekonomik bir perspektiften de\u011fil; ad\u0131n\u0131 koymasalar da sosyal haklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da yakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00d6zellikle inovasyonun kilit akt\u00f6r\u00fc olan yetenekli i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn hareket \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, sistemin genel dinamizmini zay\u0131flat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00fcresel Manzara: ABD, AB ve \u00c7in Ne Yap\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Apple ve Google y\u00f6neticilerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan transferine s\u0131n\u0131rlama getiren yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, bu tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131. 2016’da ABD Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (DoJ), i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n rekabet hukuku kapsam\u0131nda nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir rehber yay\u0131mlad\u0131. O tarihten itibaren hem\u015fire ajanslar\u0131ndan teknoloji \u015firketlerine kadar bir\u00e7ok sekt\u00f6rde \u00fccret sabitleme ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan devrini engelleme uygulamalar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Hatta iki \u015firketin birle\u015fmesi, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na olumsuz etkileri nedeniyle engellendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Avrupa’da da benzer bir hareketlilik ya\u015fan\u0131yor. \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa’da manken ajanslar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccret manip\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 tespit edildi. Hollanda\u2019da anestezi uzmanlar\u0131na yap\u0131lan \u00f6demelerle ilgili anla\u015fmalar ihlal say\u0131ld\u0131. Hatta AB Komisyonu, FIFA\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na zarar verdi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle sorgulad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7in ise sessiz ama sistematik bir \u015fekilde ilerliyor. Bu alandaki m\u00fcdahaleleri 2011\u2019e kadar uzan\u0131yor. \u00c7in \u00f6rne\u011fi, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda rekabet uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck firmalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n milli gelirden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay\u0131 art\u0131rabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Kurul\u2019un Geni\u015fleyen Etki Alan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk sinyal 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda geldi. Dizi yap\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6n ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan transferi ve \u00fccret sabitleme uygulamalar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme geldi. 2011\u2019de \u00f6zel okullar ve kimya firmalar\u0131 benzer \u015fekilde incelendi. 2020\u2019de konteyner ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fccret anla\u015fmalar\u0131 uyar\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6zel hastaneler karar\u0131yla Kurul ilk kez idari para cezas\u0131 verdi. Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretlerini birlikte belirleyen ve transferini engelleyen hastaneler cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fc kapsayan bir soru\u015fturmayla, a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama ve \u00fccret sabitleme anla\u015fmalar\u0131 “kartel” olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 2024\u2019te \u00f6zel Frans\u0131z liseleri \u00f6\u011fretmen maa\u015flar\u0131 nedeniyle ceza ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yeni K\u0131lavuzla Kurallar Netle\u015fti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 2024\u2019te yay\u0131mlanan K\u0131lavuz, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131ndaki ihlallerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi. \u00dccretlerin birlikte belirlenmesi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan transferlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu alanda bilgi de\u011fi\u015fimi art\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yasak kapsam\u0131nda. Ayr\u0131ca Kurul, birle\u015fme ve devralmalar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca \u00fcr\u00fcn piyasas\u0131na de\u011fil, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na etkisini de analiz edece\u011fini duyurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eirketlerin birle\u015fmelerine ili\u015fkin rekabet analizinde i\u015flemin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc pazar\u0131ndaki etkilerinin de dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 d\u00fcnyada pop\u00fclerlik kazanan bir konu. E\u011fer bir birle\u015fme sonucunda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n alternatif i\u015f olanaklar\u0131 azal\u0131yor ve pazarl\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7leri zay\u0131fl\u0131yorsa, bu da rekabet ihlali say\u0131labilir. Yani art\u0131k bir birle\u015fme, yaln\u0131zca \u00fcr\u00fcn fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, maa\u015f seviyelerini de etkileyebilecek bir rekabet sorunu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zellikle dijital sekt\u00f6rde s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan “acquihire” yani yetenek sat\u0131n al\u0131m\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc birle\u015fmelerde, belirli uzmanl\u0131klar\u0131n tek bir \u015firkette toplanmas\u0131, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda rekabeti azaltabiliyor. Bu da Kurumlar\u0131n birle\u015fme kontrol\u00fcnde yeni t\u00fcr analizler yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi S\u0131ra \u0130\u015f D\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Tepkisinde<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Rekabet kurumlar\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda g\u00fcmb\u00fcr g\u00fcmb\u00fcr ilerliyor. Bu m\u00fcdahaleler, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumlu g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7in beklenmedik maliyetler ve belirsizlikler yaratabiliyor. \u015eimdi s\u0131rada, bu yeni denetim alanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselen seslerine kulak vermek var.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Bug\u00fcn art\u0131k rekabet otoritelerinin g\u00fcndeminde sadece karteller, teknoloji devleri ya da birle\u015fme devralmalar yok; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00fccretleri, haklar\u0131 ve hareketlili\u011fi var. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir cephesi olan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda neler oldu\u011funa yak\u0131ndan bakal\u0131m. Uzun y\u0131llar boyunca i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131, rekabet hukukunun \u201ck\u00f6r noktas\u0131\u201d olarak kald\u0131; bu alan i\u015f kanunlar\u0131 ve vergi politikalar\u0131 gibi ba\u015fka kamu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1691,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-504","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"aioseo_notices":[],"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Isgucu-Piyasasinda-Yeni-Cephe-Rekabet-Kurumlari-Sahada-1.png",1024,1024,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Isgucu-Piyasasinda-Yeni-Cephe-Rekabet-Kurumlari-Sahada-1.png",1024,1024,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Isgucu-Piyasasinda-Yeni-Cephe-Rekabet-Kurumlari-Sahada-1.png",1024,1024,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Isgucu-Piyasasinda-Yeni-Cephe-Rekabet-Kurumlari-Sahada-1-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Isgucu-Piyasasinda-Yeni-Cephe-Rekabet-Kurumlari-Sahada-1-300x300.png",300,300,true],"large":["https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Isgucu-Piyasasinda-Yeni-Cephe-Rekabet-Kurumlari-Sahada-1.png",640,640,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Isgucu-Piyasasinda-Yeni-Cephe-Rekabet-Kurumlari-Sahada-1.png",1024,1024,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Isgucu-Piyasasinda-Yeni-Cephe-Rekabet-Kurumlari-Sahada-1.png",1024,1024,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Isgucu-Piyasasinda-Yeni-Cephe-Rekabet-Kurumlari-Sahada-1-803x490.png",803,490,true],"posty-box-slider-small":["https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Isgucu-Piyasasinda-Yeni-Cephe-Rekabet-Kurumlari-Sahada-1-96x96.png",96,96,true]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"test test","author_link":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/author\/ois\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":"Blog<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"Bug\u00fcn art\u0131k rekabet otoritelerinin g\u00fcndeminde sadece karteller, teknoloji devleri ya da birle\u015fme devralmalar yok; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00fccretleri, haklar\u0131 ve hareketlili\u011fi var. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir cephesi olan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda neler oldu\u011funa yak\u0131ndan bakal\u0131m. Uzun y\u0131llar boyunca i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131, rekabet hukukunun \u201ck\u00f6r noktas\u0131\u201d olarak kald\u0131; bu alan i\u015f kanunlar\u0131 ve vergi politikalar\u0131 gibi ba\u015fka kamu…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/504","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=504"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/504\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1548,"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/504\/revisions\/1548"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1691"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=504"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=504"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bendensorulur.com\/rm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=504"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}